Critical minerals at Geoscience Australia

Home > Scientific topics > Minerals > Critical minerals at Geoscience Australia Critical minerals at Geoscience Australia

Geoscience Australia supports the objectives of Australia’s Critical Minerals Strategy 2023–2030 to grow our critical minerals sector, expand downstream processing, and help meet future global demand. Geoscience Australia supports the Critical Minerals Office to help grow Australia's critical minerals sector and position Australia globally as a secure, reliable, and ethical supplier of critical minerals.

Our critical minerals activities include:

Technical advice to government
Scientific research including pre-competitive data acquisition
Data enabling services and decision-support tools
International and national collaborations
Publications
Public communication
Investment attraction

These activities align with Geoscience Australia’s priority stream of Building Australia’s resources wealth under Strategy 2028, in particular the Exploring for the Future program, which aims to support the resources and agricultural sectors through the provision of pre-competitive data for potential mineral, energy and groundwater resources, including critical minerals.

What is a critical mineral?

A critical mineral is a metallic or non-metallic element that has two characteristics:

It is essential for the functioning of our modern technologies, economies or national security and
There is a risk that its supply chains could be disrupted.

Critical minerals are used to manufacture advanced technologies including mobile phones, computers, fibre-optic cables, semi-conductors, banknotes, and defence, aerospace and medical applications. Many are used in low-emission technologies such as electric vehicles, wind turbines, solar panels, and rechargeable batteries. Some are also crucial for common products such as stainless steel and electronics.

Risks to critical mineral supply chains can come about when mineral production or processing is dominated by individual countries or companies that could limit availability. Other risks include market immaturity, political decisions, social unrest, natural disasters, mine accidents, geological scarcity, pandemics, and war.

Overview of Critical Minerals

A critical mineral is a metallic or non-metallic element that is essential for modern technologies, economies or national security, and has a supply chain at risk of disruption. Individual countries develop their own lists of critical minerals based on the relative importance of particular minerals to their industrial needs and strategic assessment of supply risks. In addition, assessments of mineral criticality reflect market and political conditions at a particular point in time and are subject to change.

As of February 2024 the Australian Government considers 31 resource commodities to be critical minerals. These have been selected by assessing Australia’s geological endowment and potential with global technology needs, particularly those of partner countries such as the United States, European Union, India, Japan, South Korea and the United Kingdom. Australia’s 31 critical minerals are listed in the table below with more information here or in the Critical Minerals Strategy 2023–2030.

Australia's critical minerals list, resources and production with global comparisons.

Critical mineral	On US list¹	On EU list²	On India list³	On Japan list⁴	On ROK list⁵	On UK list⁶	Australian geological potential⁷	Australian economic demonstrated resources (2022)⁸	Australian production (2022)⁹	World resources (2022)¹⁰	Global production (2022)¹¹
High-purity Alumina	No	No	No	No	No	No	High	HPA ore: 16,700 kt	0	No data	No data
Antimony	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Moderate	139.4 kt	2.3 kt	1,800 kt	110 kt
Arsenic	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Moderate	No data	No data	No data	61 kt
Beryllium	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Moderate	No data	No data	No data	280 t
Bismuth	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Moderate	No data	No data	No data	20 kt
Chromium	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Moderate	0	0	560,000 kt	41,000 kt
Cobalt	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	1,742 kt	5.8 kt	8,480 kt	185 kt
Fluorine¹²	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Moderate	343 kt	0	126,000 kt	4,000 kt
Gallium	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	No data	No data	No data	550 t
Germanium	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	High	No data	No data	No data	No data
Graphite¹³	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Moderate	8,500 kt	0	332,000 kt	1,300 kt
Hafnium	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Moderate	14.5 kt	No data	No data	No data
Indium	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Moderate	No data	No data	No data	900 t
Lithium	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	7,046 kt	75 kt	27,000 kt	143 kt
Magnesium	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	Magnesite: 284,000 kt	Magnesite: 500 kt	Magnesite: 6,800,000 kt	Magnesite: 25,000 kt
Manganese	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	High	Manganese ore: 496,000 kt	Manganese ore: 4,500 kt	Manganese content: 1,716,000 kt	Manganese content: 18,700 kt
Molybdenum	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Moderate	687 kt	0.28 kt	12,200 kt	250 kt
Nickel	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	High	24.1 Mt	0.15 Mt	104 Mt	3.3 Mt
Niobium	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unknown (interpreted moderate)¹⁴	216 kt	No data	Over 17,000 kt	79 kt
Platinum-group elements¹⁵	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Moderate	359.3 t	0.492 t	71,269 t	400 t
Rare-earth elements¹⁶	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	5,700 kt	16 kt	127,000 kt	300 kt
Rhenium	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Unknown (interpreted moderate)	157 t	No data	No data	58 t
Scandium	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	High	36.65 kt	0	No data	No data
Selenium	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Unknown (interpreted moderate)	No data	No data	81 kt	3.2 kt
Silicon	No	Yes¹⁷	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	No data	No data	No data	8.8 kt
Tantalum	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	110 kt	0.1 kt	No data	2 kt
Tellurium	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Unknown (interpreted moderate)	No data	No data	32 kt	0.64 kt
Titanium	Yes	Yes¹⁸	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	High	Ilmenite: 303,300 kt Rutile: 39,000 kt	Ilmenite: 700 kt Rutile: 200 kt	Ilmenite: 1,106,600 kt Rutile: 55,900 kt	Ilmenite: 14,900 kt Rutile: 600 kt
Tungsten	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	568 kt	0.23 kt	3,800 kt	84 kt
Vanadium	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High	8,510 kt	0	26,700 kt	100 kt
Zirconium	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	High	Zircon: 88,300 kt	Zircon: 500 kt	Zircon: 115,300 kt	Zircon: 2,200 kt

J Burton, U.S. Geological Survey Releases 2022 List of Critical Minerals , United States Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Government of the United States, 2022, accessed 6 December 2023.
Fifth list 2023 of Critical Raw Materials for the EU , European Commission, 2023, accessed 6 December 2023.
Critical Minerals for India , Ministry of Mines, Government of India, 2023, accessed 6 December 2023.
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC), International Resource Strategy National Stockpiling System , International Energy Agency (IEA), 2020, accessed 6 December 2023.
Opportunities in Korea for Australian Critical Minerals , Australian Trade and Investment Commission, 2023, accessed 6 December 2023.
Resilience for the Future: The UK's Critical Minerals Strategy , United Kingdom Department for Business & Trade and Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, 2023, accessed 6 December 2023.
Geoscience Australia, Overview of Critical Minerals , Geoscience Australia, Australian Government, accessed 6 December 2023, and additional correspondence.
Geoscience Australia, Overview of Critical Minerals , Geoscience Australia, Australian Government, accessed 6 December 2023.
Geoscience Australia, Overview of Critical Minerals , Geoscience Australia, Australian Government, accessed 6 December 2023
Geoscience Australia, Australia's Identified Mineral Resources 2023 , Geoscience Australia, Australian Government, accessed 6 December 2023.
Geoscience Australia, Australia's Identified Mineral Resources 2023 , Geoscience Australia, Australian Government, accessed 6 December 2023.
The United States and the European Union identify fluorspar as a critical mineral.
The European Union identifies natural graphite as a critical raw material and Japan identifies carbon (which forms graphite) as a critical mineral.
Unknown geological potential owing to lack of data. Interpretation is based on knowledge of Australia's geology, known mineral associations and historical information.
The platinum group elements include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. Several partner lists separately identify the platinum group elements and/or only identify certain platinum group elements as critical minerals.
The rare earth elements include yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. Several partner lists separately identify the rare earth elements and/or only identify certain rare earth elements as critical minerals.
The European Union identifies silicon metal as a critical raw material.
The European Union identifies titanium metal as a critical raw material.

Australia’s critical minerals sector is constantly growing in response to the increasing global need for a secure supply of these vital and strategic minerals. Australia’s Identified Mineral Resources 2023 shows that, in 2022, Australia retained its position as the world’s top lithium producer (52%) and was also a top five producer for cobalt (3%), manganese ore (10%), rare earths (5%), rutile (27%), tantalum (4%), and zircon (25%). As well as being a global leader in the supply of critical minerals, many more deposits have been discovered or are under development, as seen in the map below.

Australian critical mineral deposits and mines in 2023

The Australian resources industry has responded to increased demand for critical minerals with additional exploration and resource definition. Australia’s economic inventories increased for 13 critical minerals in 2022: manganese (79%), platinum group elements (45%), rare earths (34%), nickel (11%), cobalt (10%), rutile (15%), zircon (12%), ilmenite (11%), vanadium (5%), graphite (6%), lithium (5%), molybdenum (5%) and tantalum (5%).

Information regarding developing and advanced-stage critical minerals projects in Australia, can be found in the Australian Critical Minerals Prospectus 2023.

Click for further information about each critical mineral.

Exploring for the Future

The Australian Government’s $225 million Exploring for the Future program, led by Geoscience Australia, is committed to supporting a strong economy, resilient society and sustainable environment for the benefit of Australians.

At its heart, the program is about contributing to a sustainable, long-term future for Australia through an improved understanding of the nation’s mineral and energy potential and groundwater resources.

By gathering and analysing geological and geophysical data and making the results publicly available, the program supports regional development and informed decision making across Australia, resulting in jobs and growth.

The 2020–2024 program is currently focused on eight interrelated projects, united in growing our understanding of subsurface geology. Three of these projects have an application to critical minerals: Australia’s Resources Framework is a continental-scale project; Darling-Curnamona-Delamerian is a regional-scale deep-dive project across western New South Wales and Victoria, eastern South Australia, and northwest Tasmania; and Barkly-Isa-Georgetown is a regional-scale deep-dive project between Tennant Creek in the Northern Territory, through to Mount Isa and Georgetown in Queensland.

Project activities during Phase 2 of the EFTF program

Critical minerals studies within the Exploring for the Future program include:

A Review of Mineral Occurrences data in the three deep-dive areas to stimulate a reassessment of these forgotten mineral discoveries for new critical mineral opportunities. Existing data has been expanded to include exploration histories and occurrences classified with the Critical Mineral Mapping Initiative mineral deposit classification system.
The National Mine Waste Assessment is a collaboration between Geoscience Australia, The University of Queensland, the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University (RMIT), and the state geological surveys. This assessment aims to support the sustainable and economic recovery of critical minerals from secondary sources through a national-scale assessment of mine waste to identify new opportunities for critical minerals supply.
Access the data: Atlas of Australian Mine Waste.
The Economic Fairways Mapper tool is a collaboration with Monash University to develop tools for high-level, spatial, economic appraisal of selected commodities, including associated critical minerals.
The Heavy Mineral Map of Australia is a collaboration with the John de Laeter Centre at Curtin University to deliver an atlas of maps and a database revealing the distributions, abundances, and associations of heavy minerals across Australia, including those that host critical elements. In parallel with the data acquisition phase, a mineral network analysis tool is being developed to easily interpret the large and complex mineralogy data generated and discover associations and patterns.
Access the data: Towards a heavy mineral map of the Australian continent – A feasibility study
The Geochemistry for Basin Prospectivity completes and maintains a geochemical data inventory of combined inorganic and organic geochemical data to test for the presence of key mineral system components (including critical minerals) within key sedimentary basins across Australia. This work is currently being undertaken in collaboration with the Geological Survey of South Australia.
Access the data: Initial release of coupled inorganic-organic national geochemical data.
Mapping of alkaline rocks to understand their associated mineral systems and critical mineral potential.
Mineral potential mapping studies for selected mineral systems and associated critical minerals.
Access the data: Tennant Creek – Mount Isa IOCG Mineral Potential Assessment.
New data on the age of key mineral deposits, with a focus on those containing critical minerals in collaboration with universities and state and territory geological surveys. Ongoing work includes a focus on mineral deposits in southeast Australia.
Access the data: Geochronological studies of selected Australian mineral deposits, 2003 – 2020.
A new dataset of global zinc-bearing deposits has been published that presents data on deposit type, age, mineral resources, host rocks, associated igneous rocks and alteration assemblages for major zinc deposits around the world in collaboration with the University of Saskatchewan, Geological Survey of Canada, and Memorial University of Newfoundland. This dataset provides a basis for critical mineral assessment as zinc deposits are the sources of several critical minerals including gallium, germanium, and indium.
Access the data: Global database of zinc-lead-bearing mineral deposits.
A national dataset of major mineral deposits of all types in Australia has been published and includes information of deposit type, age, mineral resources, host rocks, associated igneous rocks, alteration assemblages and ore mineralogy in collaboration with the Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Access the data: Geological setting, age and endowment of major Australian mineral deposits - a compilation.
Analysis and re-analysis of ore samples from within Australia and globally as part of the Critical Minerals in Ores dataset in collaboration with the Geological Survey of Canada, United States Geological Survey and Geological Survey of Queensland.
Access the data: Critical Minerals in Ores.

Australian Critical Minerals Research and Development Hub

The Australian Critical Minerals Research and Development Hub (the R&D Hub) is hosted by the CSIRO and brings together expertise from leading Federal science agencies: the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Geoscience Australia (GA), and CSIRO. The R&D Hub will work with industry to address technical challenges and drive collaborative research across the critical minerals value chain needed to support clean energy and Australia’s net zero policy agenda.

The top priorities of the R&D Hub are to:

scale-up and commercialise critical minerals research and development – including priority research projects on supply chains of strategic significance
help coordinate, guide and prioritise critical minerals research and development efforts across Australia
connect critical minerals projects to the technical and research expertise they need
support strategic international critical minerals collaboration and science diplomacy.

Find out more about Geoscience Australia’s projects that are funded through the Australian Critical Minerals R&D Hub.

Critical Minerals Mapping Initiative

The importance of critical minerals and the need to expand and diversify critical mineral supply chains has been endorsed by the federal governments of Australia, Canada, and the United States. The geoscience organisations of Geoscience Australia, the Geological Survey of Canada and the United States Geological Survey have created the Critical Minerals Mapping Initiative (CMMI) to build a diversified critical minerals industry in all three countries. The aim of this collaboration is to utilize our combined geological expertise to address global natural resource vulnerabilities whilst also highlighting emerging opportunities in the resource sector and promoting critical mineral discovery in Australia, Canada and the USA.

CMMI is developing a better understanding of:

Known critical mineral resources.
Geologic controls on critical mineral distribution for deposits currently producing by-products.
Identification of new sources of supply through critical mineral potential mapping and quantitative mineral assessments.

As part of the initiative, CMMI has combined the mineral resources information held by the three geoscience organisations into a singular dataset to create the world’s largest compilation of Critical Minerals in Ores. This data is available through the CMMI Portal, a free interactive mapping tool designed to display critical minerals information on a global scale. It includes over 7000 mineral samples provided by 60 countries, from both historical and modern mining operations. New data and publications from the collaboration will be added to the portal as they become available.

Investors

Australia has a rich and diverse mineral endowment and long history of discovering and responsibly developing high-quality mineral resources. This, combined with vast tracts of largely under-explored and highly prospective areas, makes Australia an ideal place for investment in mineral exploration.

In addition, Australia’s adherence to the rule of law creates an investment environment of low political and sovereign risk. Investors can have confidence in consistent and transparent management of economic settings such as labour, taxes, royalties, health and safety, skilled migration, foreign investment and environmental protection as they operate in a strong and well-established resources industry. This robust framework combined with Australia’s enormous resource wealth, huge potential for new discoveries and well-coordinated government support for exploration and resource development creates a competitive advantage for investors in Australia’s mineral resources sector.

Geoscience Australia:

Supports the objectives of Australia’s Critical Minerals Strategy 2023–2030 to grow our critical minerals sector, expand downstream processing and help meet future global demand.
Supports the Critical Minerals Office to help grow Australia's critical minerals sector and position Australia globally as a secure, reliable and ethical supplier of critical minerals.
Works with Austrade to promote investment opportunities in Australian critical minerals projects to investors. These government agencies, publications and resources help investors find opportunities and navigate approval requirements to invest in Australia.
Read more:

Publications

Science and technical information

Maps

Australian Operating Mines Map (2023)
Australian Critical Minerals Map (2023)

Policy

The 2023 Critical Minerals Strategy outlines priorities for the development of Australia’s critical minerals sector to ensure that it can seize the opportunities of the net zero transformation
The Australian government is committed to developing the country’s first National Battery Strategy to articulate a clear pathway for integrated, end-to-end onshore battery minerals supply chains
The Australian government has committed $15 billion to establish the National Reconstruction Fund to provide finance for projects that diversify and transform Australia’s industry and economy.

News and media

Critical Minerals in the news

16 February 2024: Nickel placed on critical minerals list
16 December 2023: Government backs critical minerals for energy, jobs and defence
25 October 2023: $2 billion critical minerals boost crucial to energy transition
28 September 2023: Australia and France to cooperate on critical minerals study
27 July 2023: Consultations open for update of critical minerals list
20 June 2023: Seizing the opportunities for Australia’s critical minerals
18 May 2023: Grants to invigorate Australian critical minerals projects
6 April 2023: Australia and Germany to collaborate on critical minerals study
4 April 2023: Australia-UK boost cooperation on critical minerals
24 March 2023: Ministers agree to support critical minerals
21 October 2022: Support for critical minerals breakthroughs
10 August 2022: Salt caverns and minerals across Australia unlock our nations hydrogen industry
20 July 2022: ‘Thumper trucks’ on the move across south-eastern Australia
4 July 2022: Building stronger critical minerals cooperation with India
9 May 2022: AusArray sensors to build national picture of Australia’s subsurface
14 April 2022: Australia records boost in critical mineral resources
17 March 2022: Virtual National Critical Minerals Research and Development Centre
29 June 2021: Critical minerals portal to strengthen supply chains
4 March 2020: New data shows increase in critical minerals
19 November 2019: US-Australia partnership on critical minerals
08 March 2019: Critical Minerals in Australia report released

Presentations and videos

Geoscience Australia has also produced a series of presentations on critical minerals, many of which can be found on our YouTube page.

Relevant presentations include:

Scientific topics Critical minerals at Geoscience Australia